Learning and Supporting Teaching in Schools Free Essays

string(177) PE and today will be the first occasion when that the youngsters have partaken in PE in our fundamental corridor! Shockingly the kids are very speedy at getting changed into their exercise center kits. Declaration Supporting Teaching and Learning in Schools (501/0418/4) Unit 1: Schools as Organizations (T/601/3325) 1. 1 Identify the fundamental kinds of state and free schools. The principle sorts of state and autonomous schools are as per the following: * Specialist schools * Academies * City innovation universities * Community and establishment extraordinary schools * Faith schools * Maintained live-in schools * Free schools 1. We will compose a custom paper test on Learning and Supporting Teaching in Schools or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now 2 Describe the various qualities of the various sorts of schools comparable to instructive stages and school administration The Key stages are as per the following in far reaching and free schools: * Foundation stage †Normally this is for understudies in gathering year, nursery or play bunch * KS1 †Years 1 to 3 * KS2 †Years 4 to 6 * KS3 †Years 7 to 9 * KS4 †Years 10 to 11 (GCSE’s and additionally other proportional Qualifications are taken in this Key Stage) * KS5 †Year 12 to 13 (A Levels or potentially other equal Qualifications are taken in this Key Stage) Although gauges schools follow this key stage structure, Special schools will run these key stages adjusted to the students needs I. . a school for learning and physical handicaps may require additional help and assets to guarantee that their understudies are accomplishing the national educational program norms set for understudies with learning as well as physical inabilities. The job of the Board of Governors is to run the school. This would incorporate the accompanying: * School Finances and Budgets * Staffing * The School’s Curriculum * Managing School Inspections * To maintain national guidelines in training Depending on the kind of school, relies upon the manner by which the leading body of governors work I. e. or then again learning and physical incapacity schools, the leading group of governors may put resources into specific assets to amplify the pupil’s instructive potential. Most state schools are financed by the administration where as private and free schools are supported by guardians, neighborhood subsidizing or magnanimous pay. In the event that the school is an overseen school, at that point the neighborhood authority utilizes the schools staff yet for tuition based schools and foundations the school utilizes their staff. Overseen schools get their students from their neighborhood catchment territories, the network or school open days. Private or particular schools may get their understudies from the nearby network however may likewise have an open day or referrals from other instructive foundations. Underneath I have picked three unique sorts of schools and I will likewise clarify their confirmations strategy and the age of the youngsters. Syntax Schools Admissions strategies †Grammar school confirmations arrangements are ordinarily set by the neighborhood board. All applications at first should experience the nearby chamber. Likewise with language structure schools, there is regularly a test in which a youngster needs to take and go so as to be acknowledged into the school. This is because of the way that sentence structure younger students are exceptionally taught. Period of understudies/understudies †students are regularly go into language structure school at the age of 10/11. They will be taking a shot at key stage 4 when entering the school. On the fourth year of school, understudies proceed to key stage 5 chipping away at GCSE’s and NVQ’s. Sometimes, understudies in syntax schools may take their A Levels early or higher capability. Understudies in sentence structure school currently leave at 17 years old. Montessori schools Admissions Policy †in Montessori schools the youngsters are met by an instructor to ensure that they fit in with the ethos of the school. An installment is required from guardians with the end goal for kids to go to the school. An instructive or mental evaluation is required by the school all together for the kid to be conceded. Montessori schools don't concede kids midterm except if they are moving from another Montessori school. Time of understudies/understudies †In Montessori schools, they concede youngsters from year and a half as long as 18 years of age. Montessori schools have an all encompassing strategy for instructing youngsters with the goal that they express opportunity and self-control. Steiner schools Admissions strategy †The confirmations strategy is practically equivalent to a Montessori School. Time of understudies/understudies †In Steiner Schools, the period of youngsters is from 3 years of age to 16. Like a Montessori school, a Steiner schools tackle instructing in an all encompassing way so as to build up the entire kid. Not simply instructive. 2. 1 Describe jobs and obligations of staff identified with the school Below are 4 Roles inside a school and their duties: * Teacher †To design, convey and assess exercises, to empower understudies with their learning improvement, Make learning as fun as could reasonably be expected, make gives an account of students figuring out how to guardians and be a good example for understudies. Noon Supervisor †Help set up feasting regions, Supervise understudies with toileting and hand washing, resolve and report strife and support autonomy at eating times. * Clerical Staff †To keep the school running easily by course of the Head Teacher, keep up and report participation records, Perform regulatory obligations which ma y incorporate composing letters to guardians by bearing of instructors and head educator. * School Librarian †Plan and direct the administration of the library, Ensure a fairness of chance for all staff and understudies, Complete reports to/and illuminate the overseeing body regarding stock and library assets. Likewise another job inside a school is a Teacher’s Assistant. To mirror their job inside the school I have composed a typical day for a Teacher’s Assistant. 8. 15am My day begins when I get the opportunity to class, when the class instructor, who I work nearby, plots the arrangement for the day ahead and I help to set up the exercises. 8. 55am The day starts for the youngsters. As they hold up with their folks and carers in the play area, I approach the entryway and welcome the youngsters as the ringer rings. I quickly visit with a couple of guardians as they pass on messages, assist kids with taking their jackets off in the cloakroom and tail them into the study hall. As the instructor takes the register I check the ‘Home-school correspondence books’ for some other messages. 9. 05am The first movement for now is PE and today will be the first occasion when that the kids have partaken in PE in our principle lobby! Shockingly the youngsters are very fast at getting changed into their exercise center units. You read Learning and Supporting Teaching in Schools in classification Learning Today we work on moving all through spaces in various manners †running, walking, enormous steps and little strides. 10. 25am It’s recess and time to get covers on and join the remainder of the newborn children in the play area. While the kids are out having an effect on everything I set up their morning nibble. 10. 40am In from play and it’s time for hand washing, at that point products of the soil. After this it’s movement time and the youngsters look over a scope of exercises both inside and outside. Today I’m inside creation teddy bear manikins, urging the kids to stick a relating number of catches onto their bear. Midday It’s noon and we bring the youngsters into the supper corridor to be welcomed by their noon managers. I fly back to the staffroom and have my lunch and visit with different individuals from staff. At that point it’s time to set up for the evening exercises. 1pm The kids roll in from lunch. Time for a fast register and this evening I bolster kids building train tracks, exploring in the sand and trying different things with drawing and composing †a bustling hive of action, and bunches of observational appraisal! 2pm Playtime again and this time I’m on the job directing the kids with another individual from staff. 2. 20pm Time for a couple of more bears and fastens with the individuals who are sharp and once these are done I participate with certain youngsters who are doing some jigsaw puzzles. Today, I have an advancement †a youngster who has been hesitant to talk and has been conveying through motions, really starts a discussion with me! 3. 20pm Home time for the kids as we pay special mind to the children’s guardians and carers, and send them off cheerfully! When the youngsters possess all been gathered it’s energy for a last clean up and conversation with the class educator about the day’s occasions. 3. 45pm Time for me to go off home, as well! 2. 2 Describe the jobs of outside experts who may work with the school For this segment I have made two â€Å"A day in the life of†¦.. diaries to depict what the job is of an outer expert inside the school The principal job I have decided to discuss is a Peripatetic Music Teacher. 09:30 am I show up at the school and sign in at the school front counter. I am then appeared by the music head of division to the room in which I will instruct. While strolling to my assigned room, myself and the offi ce head talk about what the requirements and points are of the understudies that I will instruct today. 10am My first student shows up. From the outset the student and I talk about what we will be showing her throughout the following 45 minutes. Likewise we talk about if there are any issues or questions she may have with learning the flute. There are no issues so we proceed with the exercise. 10:15am I begin to show my student on the most proficient method to play the flute and to work through some hypothesis exercises as my understudy is going for her evaluation 3 woodwind tests one week from now. 10:45am After an incredible exercise with my first understudy, she leaves to return to her scholastic class. I review an assessment of what my understudy has realized and things for development. This evalu

Translatory

Translatory Translatory Translatory By Maeve Maddox This reader’s question identifies with the word translatory. Prior to composing, he found it:  Merriam-Webster definition: â€Å"of, identifying with, or including uniform movement in one direction.† Nothing about its reasonable equal, interpret. The Free Dictionary records â€Å"translatory as a descriptive word under its entrance for interpretation. Oxford doesn't seem to show it as a word at all †in any event through online inquiry. Translational is likely the right descriptive word to utilize while talking about an interpretation, despite the fact that translatory has been utilized to mean translational (e.g., ‘the translatory pen of William Tyndale’).  Ok, the continuous skirmish of the word references. The Merriam-Webster Unabridged I pay for has a section for translatory, yet no definition, only a connect to translational. The OED I use by means of membership has a section for translatory: â€Å"of or relating to physical translation† and offers this model from 1849: â€Å"The negative strain of a protected metal is reasonably expanded by giving a translatory movement to the gas which assaults its surface.† M-W has a different section for â€Å"translatory motion†: â€Å"motion in which all purposes of a moving body move consistently in a similar line or direction.† No case of utilization is advertised. The short response to the reader’s question is that a few speakers may utilize translatory regarding deciphering dialects, yet translational is the more typical descriptive word in that unique situation. A superficial pursuit of the Web raised two employments of translatory regarding the interpretation of language, both from non-local English-talking sources: Theâ master’s programmeprovides inside and out information on (unknown dialects) and translatory aptitudes obtained in the bachelor’s program.- University of Graz (Austria). [Some translators] neglecting to see the bigger setting or theâ translatoryâ action at work.- Literary Translation in Modern Iran: A sociological report, by Esmaeil Haddadian-Moghaddam. A quest for â€Å"translatory† on Google raises the admonitory message: â€Å"Did you mean translator?† and Word signals the word translatory with a squiggly red line. The words decipher, interpreter and interpretation have various implications in various settings. For me, an interpretation is a book written in a language other than the first, and an interpreter is somebody who renders a work written in one language into another. In another unique circumstance, an interpreter is a transmitter that rebroadcasts the signs of a far off TV station to provincial territories: In 1973, the development of a system of transmitters and interpreters associated by microwave transfer was affirmed by the state governing body. Another importance of decipher is â€Å"To change in structure, appearance, or substance.† Peter Quince utilizes the word with this significance in A Midsummer Night’s Dream when, as Snount, he responds to seeing Bottom with an ass’s head: Nose: O Bottom, thou craftsmanship changed! What do I see on thee? Base: What do you see? You see your very own ass leader, isn't that right? QUINCE: Bless thee, Bottom, favor thee. Thou craftsmanship deciphered. Translatory has its uses, yet it isn't the traditional decision with regards to language interpretation. Need to improve your English shortly a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the Vocabulary classification, check our mainstream posts, or pick a related post below:100 Exquisite AdjectivesDeck the HallsHow to Style Legislative Terms

Free Essays on A Discussion Of “The Three-Stranded Allegory Of Moby-Dick”

In 1971, an article seemed entitled â€Å"The Three-Stranded Allegory of Moby-Dick was distributed by Allen Austin. The article has as its motivation to acquaint the peruser with the distinction of character among Ahab and Ishmael in Moby-Dick. Herman Melville utilizes the principle characters of Moby-Dick to start the utilization of imagery. Ahab accepts that his material items have otherworldly direction. This conviction makes him accept his chase will be effective. The possibility of his chase depends on this suspicion. Ahab’s supernaturalism makes the peruser promptly handle the distinction in Ishmael. â€Å"Ahab pushes this thought of ‘intelligent malignity’ to the point of franticness, tolerating wholeheartedly the conviction of the visionaries that the outward world is an image of profound reality.† Ishmael trusts Ahab’s frenzy is brought about by brightening. Ishmael comes to identify with Ahab’s see bud doesn't partake in his convictions. â€Å"Ishmael, disregarding a sentiment of character with Ahab, is persuaded that man can expect just passing from an impassive universe.† Ishmael additionally trusts Ahab will be a disappointment in his chase for Moby Dick. Ahab trusts Ishmael to be very nearly frenzy. â€Å"Although he feels undermined by a knowledge that is misfortune, he feels compromised by a hardship that is madness.† â€Å"The differentiation among burden and franticness matches the qualification among Ahab’s and Ishmael’s mentalities toward Moby Dick.† â€Å"It speaks to the dread of death-showed in the polar bear, the white shark, the White Squall, the marble whiteness of the part of death, and the gray hose on which Death rides.† The White Squall comes to represent to Ishmael the ruinous standard toward the start of presence. The world can not be content with life’s disillusionments, yet makes a fantasy that hauls out its repel. â€Å"If as Ishmael says, essentialness sneaks on all things, it is the hugeness of sothingness, of ... Free Essays on A Discussion Of â€Å"The Three-Stranded Allegory Of Moby-Dick† Free Essays on A Discussion Of â€Å"The Three-Stranded Allegory Of Moby-Dick† In 1971, an article seemed entitled â€Å"The Three-Stranded Allegory of Moby-Dick was distributed by Allen Austin. The exposition has as its motivation to acclimate the peruser with the distinction of character among Ahab and Ishmael in Moby-Dick. Herman Melville utilizes the primary characters of Moby-Dick to start the utilization of imagery. Ahab accepts that his material items have otherworldly direction. This conviction makes him accept his chase will be effective. The possibility of his chase depends on this supposition. Ahab’s supernaturalism makes the peruser quickly handle the distinction in Ishmael. â€Å"Ahab pushes this thought of ‘intelligent malignity’ to the point of franticness, tolerating wholeheartedly the conviction of the visionaries that the outward world is an image of otherworldly reality.† Ishmael trusts Ahab’s frenzy is brought about by enlightenment. Ishmael comes to identify with Ahab’s see bud doesn't partake in his convictions. â€Å"Ishmael, despite a sentiment of character with Ahab, is persuaded that man can expect just demise from an apathetic universe.† Ishmael additionally trusts Ahab will be a disappointment in his chase for Moby Dick. Ahab trusts Ishmael to be nearly frenzy. â€Å"Although he feels undermined by an astuteness that is misfortune, he feels compromised by a burden that is madness.† â€Å"The differentiation among trouble and franticness matches the qualification among Ahab’s and Ishmael’s perspectives toward Moby Dick.† â€Å"It speaks to the fear of death-showed in the polar bear, the white shark, the White Squall, the marble whiteness of the part of death, and the colorless hose on which Death rides.† The White Squall comes to represent to Ishmael the damaging standard toward the start of presence. The world can not be content with life’s disillusionments, yet makes a fantasy that hauls out its repel. â€Å"If as Ishmael says, importance prowls on all things, it is the hugeness of sothingness, of ...

The Most Popular College Essay Samples for Healthcare

The Most Popular College Essay Samples for Healthcare If you're beginning to feel frustrated or overwhelmed by your essay, take a rest and do something different. Sometimes you try to do your best and even then you're not able to score well in your home tasks. Demonstrated interest is a must in the modern competitive admissions scene to stick out from the remainder of the pack. You're attempting to show colleges your very best self, therefore it might appear counterintuitive to willingly acknowledge a time you struggled. In addition, there are simply no limits for downloads! Use outlines, word clouds or absolutely free association to assist you come up with material for every one of the different prompts. The Pain of College Essay Samples for Healthcare Utilise the assistance of our service and don't be concerned about how you complete the school. An excellent college essay isn't just persuasive, it's a piece which highlights the proper attitude to the college, the personal aspirations and the vision the student has once they get in the school. Every city has more than 1 college within it. Find a means to explain why this particular college within this particular city calls to you. The Benefits of College Essay Samples for Healthcare Writing should allow the writer to express his or herself in the very best way possible. Introduction Body paragraphs Conclusion It is essential that students utilize academic sources to better their credibility. It's possible to easily depend on us to find essay help as we have a tendency to assist and guide the students with the aid of our professional experts. Ask a favourite teacher to cover the essay on you, or locate a friend with strong editorial abilities. Many college applicants make the error of attempting to incorporate all their accomplishments and activities in their application essays. Most college authorities require that you compose an application essay before getting an admission. Some institut ions request an essay about a student's choice of a university or career. For example, say you really need the opportunity to learn from the world-famous Professor X. It's important the student has the ability to develop a thesis statement that's fitting with their targets. By doing that the student stays true to the very first paragraph in offering a very clear direction throughout the full essay. He should be in a position to share their values and dreams they hope to achieve once they get the chance to get into the college in the discussion. Excellent writing is about using concrete examples. The previous region of the paragraph functions as the transition in the next paragraph. Writing quality essays is the principal role of our services. When doing this, you'll obtain an unbelievable knowledge in writing. EssayEdge is the major application essay editing service on earth. As a consequence, spending money to deal with your essays might be challenging. For instance, you may choose to incorporate a heading with the name and address of the indiv idual who will be receiving your letter. Allow it to sit for a couple days untouched. One of the crucial aspects about a college essay is, it ought to be grammatically coherent. Before you even begin writing the content of your college essay, there are a few essay writing basic guide that you always need to remember. All you have to do is specify if you want your essay to be delivered. The way you begin your essay is essential to the reception your essay will receive, so this step should take up lots of your essay writing process. Possessing good essay examples provides the reader an in-depth and on-the-court idea about what a well structured and coherent essay appears like. Two new essay options are added, and a number of the previous questions are revised. There's not any reason to rush your essay. Bridget's essay is quite strong, but there continue to be a couple little things that could be made better.

What is Sociological Imagination - 534 Words

WHAT IS SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION? It is the ability to note or see the strange in familiar activities of everyday life and to connect personal troubles to public issues, which makes biography of many people. Example A family which smoking is a familiar thing to them but some individual in the family realise that smoking is not the healthy not only realising that smoking affects the family but it also affects the community or society (public issue). A BIOGRAPHY is the record of activities done from day to day which makes up a life story of a person. Social Imagination it is important because the benefit of it is that it allows us to comprehend our biography, realise that choices are there. Social facts are things that originated from a society which influence the behaviour or attitudes of an individual of a society. Verbal and non-verbal messages â€Å"words gestures† that people use to convey or give insight to other people about their thoughts, religious rules, cultural rules, credit systems used to pay depts., all were created without consideration of their input about them. In addition to the above paragraph it indicates that social facts have a life which is broadly enamours than of every individual who keeps them alive. Social factors have coercive power. When people unconsciously conform to social facts the power is not noticed or is really noticed. Only resistance can allow people to experience and know the power of social facts. For instance take an individual who isShow MoreRelatedEssay on what is the sociological perspective (imagination)691 Words   |  3 PagesQuestion 1: What is the sociological perspective? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;What is the nature of the social sciences? This is the question that began the study of society, first performed by C. Wright Mills in his development of the idea of the sociological imagination. There are many different aspects to the sociological perspective. Merriam-Webster dictionary defines perspective as â€Å"the capacity to view things in their true relations or relative importance†Read MoreAn Sociological Study And What We Call Sociological Imagination Essay736 Words   |  3 PagesIn these postmodern times where what was is no longer, or another power, we live in constant change. But man is trapped in their daily lives, he lives in a moral paralysis without fully accept that life affects you, it affects society because both are considered together. Our time is characterized by malaise and indifference, lack of values ​​and feel threatened. The task of the social scientist is to clarify the elements of contemporary uneasiness an d indifference. Today the information exceedsRead MoreWhat Did C. Wright Mills Mean by the â€Å"Sociological Imagination†?2277 Words   |  10 PagesWhat did C. Wright Mills mean by the â€Å"sociological imagination†? C. Wright Mills has been defined by some as the pioneer of the new radical sociology that emerged in the 1950s, in which his book, The Sociological Imagination (1959), has played a crucial role (Restivo 1991, p.61). This essay will attempt to explain what the â€Å"sociological imagination† is, and why it has been important in the development of sociology over the last fifty to sixty years. In order to do this, it will firstly be essentialRead MoreSociological Imagination1017 Words   |  5 PagesThe concept of â€Å"sociological imagination† is one that can be explained many different ways. A simple way to think of the sociological imagination is to see it as a way a person thinks, where they know that what they do from day to day in their private lives (like the choices they make), are sometimes influenced by the larger environment in which they live (Mills 1959, 1). What C.W. Mills meant by this concept is that it is the ability to â€Å"understand the larger histo rical scene in terms of its meaningRead MoreEssay on The Sociological Imagination1389 Words   |  6 PagesMy personal condensed definition of â€Å"the sociological imagination† is that it is the idea one should be aware of the societal structures around themselves, and how those structures can influence a person and vice-versa. In addition, I think that having a â€Å"sociological imagination† also involves a deep appreciation for the importance of society and culture. Consequently, for a person that has completed a basic introduction to sociology college course and actually paid attention, I would hope thatRead MoreSociology Imagination833 Words   |  4 Pagesdefined sociological imagination as the vivid awareness of the relationship between experience and the wider society. The sociological imagination is the capacity to shift from one perspective to another: from the political to the psychological; from examination of a single family to comparative assessment of the national budgets of the world; from the theological school to the military establishment; from considerations of an oil industry to studies of contemporary poetry.[1] Sociological Imagination:Read MoreSociological Imagination By C. Wright Mills969 Words   |  4 Pages C. Wright Mills defined sociological imagination as the awareness of the relationship between personal experience and the wider society. Understanding and being able to exercise the sociological imagination helps us understand the relationship between the individual and society. Mills focuses on the distinction between personal troubles and public issues. Having sociological imagination is critical for individual people and societies at large to understand. It is important that people areRead MoreThe Sociological Imagination Essay1065 Words   |  5 PagesPaper Grade: 75 / C The Sociological Imagination The sociological imagination is an idea or a way of thinking that interlocks an individual in a society with the society as a whole. Most people refer to sociology as the study of how people or individuals interact with each other. In order to fully understand sociology and the concept of the sociological imagination as proposed by C. Wright Mills, one has to be able to envision the individual and the society working together to better understandRead MoreThe Concepts Following Sociological Imagination675 Words   |  3 Pages In this essay I’ll be talking about Sociological Imagination and the concepts following it and more especially the importance of it. Sociological Imagination is one of the core concepts of Sociology whereas Sociology is all about studying people within the society and what they do. Sociological imagination is all about using one’s mind to see how people are affected by tangible and intangible things around them. Sociological imagination is aff ected by social forces which are forces that influenceRead MoreAnalysis Of Dalton Conley s You May Ask Yourself 1267 Words   |  6 PagesDalton Conley’s book, You May Ask Yourself, defines sociological imagination as, â€Å"The ability to connect the most basic, intimate aspects of an individual’s life to seemingly impersonal and remote historical forces† (Conley 2015, pg. A-11). Sociological Imagination is the idea of being able to step outside of the box, and evaluate society from an alternative point of view. Symbolic Interactionism, norms, socialization, and the idea of understanding yourself vs. understanding the social aspect of

Is the use of Seclusion rooms and restraint appropriate...

Is the use of Seclusion rooms and restraint appropriate for children on IEP’s in public education schools when used appropriately and within the laws set forth to govern them? Seclusion and restraint has been a controversial topic in special education for a long time. Recently there has been more talk over the use of seclusion rooms and restraint on violent children in the public education setting. Many advocates feel that the use of such practices is unjust and unethical, that it violates the fourteenth amendment, and that it puts students at risk for injury or harm. Others however feel that such practices are necessary in certain circumstances. That when a child is causing harm to themselves or others, the use of a seclusion†¦show more content†¦It was very traumatizing for him as he does not like to be touched by others. In this case we wrote it into his IEP that the safe room would be used as a strategy to get him to safe place when he is being harmful to himself or others. We place him in the safe room and he is able to calm himself down at an exponential rate compared to when we had to restrain him physically. This is an example of when a safe room is used appropriately and to the benefit of this child. Though we do not touch him physically we take all precautions necessary. There is a scribe writing everything the child and the teacher in charge says while in the safe room. The adult in charge has one hand on the handle of the door at all times and has the child in eye view at all times. Once the child is calm, they are given the choice to remain in the safe room for a few minutes longer with the door open, or they may come out and process with the adult. These are all necessary steps that are taken by me and my staff to ensure that the child’s safety and well being are taken care of as well as the safety of the others in the classroom. Education on the crucial steps and processes of safely using seclusion and restraint is so important. This is why I am so drawn to this topic. With all the controversies surrounding seclusion rooms and the threat of banning them, I feel this controversy needs to be ad dressed more.

P2P Networking for Information Sharing Typical Client-Server

Question: Discuss about the P2P Networking for Information Sharing for Typical Client-Server. Answer: Introduction In a typical client-server architecture that is most commonly used by organizations for information sharing within and out of their networks, a single server is used for storing information. In such a case, whenever, information is required by any member or node connected to network and the same to be shared to any other node, the member would take the file from this server, download it, and then perform sharing. Users have somewhat passive roles to play in this information sharing, as they do not contribute to information but only updates the repository(In Tae Youn Sung, 2015). On, the other hand, a new technology that has emerged over the past few years involves a Peer-to-Peer (P2P) network for information sharing. In such a network, any information can be made available, by any of the peer connected to the network, for distribution to the network. In such a network, any peer can connect to any other peer node and can download the data. This technology provides equal rights and capacities to all the connected nodes for information sharing(Parameswaran, Susarla, B.Whinston, 2001). Some examples of P2P information sharing networks include Napster that has a centralized repository, which is replicated using P2P network for sharing of music in MP3 versions and Gnutella, which is a file sharing network that allows users to share files(Oram, 2001). Figure 1: Napster Architecture (Din, Nutanong, Buyya, 2003) Napster: Users can search and share MP3 files using Napster, which works of the centralized model of P2P, file sharing network architecture. In this model, a central server is used to maintain directories of MP3 files being shared over registered nodes and these directories are updated every time a user logs in. Client looking for files can automatically connect the a meta-server acting as an arbiter which is actually a less loaded server selected from the cluster and can handle up to 15000 users load. This server allows connected users to access and share files in the Napster community(Back, 2003). Figure 2: Gnutella Topology (Din, Nutanong, Buyya, 2003) Gnutella: It uses a flat network of peer nodes called servents and these nodes maintain the directory of the content system, acting both as a server and as a client as and when required. A node can choose to accept or reject a connection based on available connection slots, protocol versions and so on. To avoid flooding in the network, Time-To-Live field is included in header of every message, which is decremented each time it passes through a servant such that when the TTL reaches a value of zero, message is dropped(Vollet, Ingham, Ezhilchelvan, 2003). Uses P2P networks can majorly be used in two types of information sharing applications including multitasking and active networking. P2P Multitasking: A multimedia streaming content provider can use P2P network for multitasking by sending data from one source and replicating the same on different nodes in far downstream allowing the new node to act as a secondary source. Such data can thus be easily distributed to the local user community making it easier for them to download content from any node, which would be in proximity (Parameswaran, Susarla, B.Whinston, 2001. P2P Active Networking: Active networks can be used to carry codes that can be used to identify traffic usage patterns such that decisions about content redistribution can be taken dynamically based on P2P and active networks. This can also help in establishing certain level of control on participants as well as enforce guidelines for preventing distribution of malicious codes. Benefits P2P information sharing technology provides some major advantages over the regular client-server architecture used for information sharing such as enhanced load balancing, creation of dynamic repositories of information, improved tolerance for faults, content-based addressing, and improved searches. Improved Load Balancing: proactive load-balancing schemes can be used in a P2P network as traffic and information item profiles can be used for deciding strategies for redistribution of content by locating closest locations for high demand items. These techniques require less sophisticated solution than required in a distributed caching system. Further, strategies like automatic content relocation and replication can be used for dynamic monitoring of usage patterns such that content can be effectively replicated for optimizing the load balance. Dynamic Repositories for Information: In a P2P network, the information on one node can be easily shared and replicated across different nodes. Thus, the content availability grows with more spread over the network. With the combined networks containing comprehensive collection of all the content available for a community, even least searched items can be easily searched. For instance, most rare or an old songs MP3 file can also be searched as easily and fast as any high search MP3 file in a Music repository working on P2P model(Buford, Yu, Lua, 2009). Redundancy and Tolerance for Faults: As P2P, networks allow replication of information across different nodes; the redundancy is high thereby enhancing the availability of information. Moreover, if information has a high level of demand, the same can be replicated to more nodes making it faster to reach and download for users. Moreover, with this decentralization of information across nodes, if one node fails in the network, it would not fail the entire network, making the system more faults tolerant(Lin, Lin, Wang, 2008). Content-based addressing: On web pages, URLs may not directly relate with the content they have. In a P2P network, the content stored at a node is made transparent such that the grouping of web pages addresses is done based on the content that specific nodes are carrying. This type of addressing makes searches easier for users who do not specific URLs but content identifiers. With more uniform resource identifiers in the form of content-based indexing, a more refined information repository that is easy and fast to search can be formed(Fukuda-Parr Lopes, 2002). Figure 3: Search model comparison (Parameswaran, Susarla, B.Whinston, 2001 Better Searches: Internet search queries are executed by searching content only from public databases, which is not immediately updated especially in case the respective server goes down. On the other hand, in a P2P network information-sharing model, user node is indexed only when a user is online and the index is continuously synchronized with the status. At the time of search, a P2P network would not need to depend on search engine robots but can use the dynamically index content making it easier for P2P communities to access and share information within community (Parameswaran, Susarla, B.Whinston, 2001. Limitations The technology no doubt provides several technological advantages but it also comes with certain limitations such as: Traffic Redistribution Challenge: In P2P networks, traffic coming to one node can be redistributed to other nodes such that the information is replicated. If this traffic were needed to be reduced then it would require the source to be located close to the destination, which requires development of complex algorithms requiring high computing power. Thus, not all available computing resources can actually meet the computing power requirements of P2P networks and thus, it may not remain feasible for all information sharing solutions(Pagani, 2007). Free-rider problem: As any one node can connect to any other node in the network, it becomes easy for one node to steal and replicate quality information available on other node. Such an information can then be bundled into offers where the information acts as one component to replicate the same over network treating the same as own. In lack of capability to differentiate between the original and replicated content, it would become difficult for the receivers to identify if the information received is from originator or replicator. Moreover, receivers may not even care about the source as long as they are getting the required information(Krishnan, Smith, Telang, 2002). Legal and regulatory Issues: Such a model presents opportunities for users to do copyrights infringement, malicious code propagation, and intellectual piracy and so on, as no control may be imposed on the type of information that is being shared by users in most P2P solutions. This problem only is resolved through a self-regulatory system that may be established for a community using the network. However, it can still face security risks as well as litigations from other interest groups demanding government intervention that can further lead to complete shutdown of activities if found objectionable by government(Zhang, Shi, Wang, Zhang, 2007). Noise: There is a possibility that the information listed in the P2P network may be cluttered with a significant level of noise making it difficult for users to get effective information (Parameswaran, Susarla, B.Whinston, 2001. Conclusions Traditional file sharing systems used centralized server-client architecture in which every time a file is requested by a user, the request goes to server for its retrieval. In P2P network architecture, the centralized repository is actually replicated across nodes and a directory is maintained centrally such that every time, a user needs to fetch or share a file, the closest node can be reached to complete the operation. Such a technology has several benefits such as improved load balancing, dynamic repositories, improved fault tolerance; content based addressing and improved searches. However, the network also faces certain challenges or limitations such as requirement of high power for traffic redistribution, free-rider problem, noise in information shared, and legal or regulatory issues. References Back, T. (2003). P2P Information Sharing in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks. Helsinki University of Technology. Buford, J., Yu, H., Lua, E. K. (2009). P2P Networking and Applications. Mordan Kaufmann. Din, C. H., Nutanong, S., Buyya, R. (2003). Peer-to-Peer Networks for Content Sharing. Australia: The University of Melbourne. Fukuda-Parr, S., Lopes, C. (2002). Capacity for Development: New Solutions to Old Problems. New York: EarthScan Publications Limited. In Tae, L., Youn Sung, K. (2015). Technology Information Sharing and Technology Innovation Performance: An Empirical Study of the Mediating Role of Technology Development Capability. International Journal of u- and e- Service, 217-230. Krishnan, R., Smith, M. D., Telang, R. (2002). The Economics of Peer-To-Peer Networks . Pittsburgh,PA: Carnegie Mellon University. Lin, F.-r., Lin, S.-c., Wang, Y.-f. (2008). Can Peer-to-Peer Networks Facilitate Information Sharing in Collaborative Learning? IEEE, 2-10. Oram, A. (2001). Peer to Peer: Harnessing the Benefits of Disruptive Technologies. OReilly Associates. Pagani, M. (2007). Encyclopedia of Multimedia Technology and Networking. Italy: IGI Global. Parameswaran, M., Susarla, A., B.Whinston, A. (2001). P2P Networking: An Information-Sharing Alternative. ICS. Vollet, E., Ingham, D., Ezhilchelvan, P. (2003). JMS on Mobile Ad-hoc Networks. Personal Wireless Communications (PWC) (pp. 8-15). Venice, Italy: IFIP WG 8.6. Zhang, Y., Shi, H., Wang, X., Zhang, J. (2007). Collaborative Legal Information Sharing on P2P Network. IEEE, 335-371.

Winter

Winter My Favorite Season Essay Winter is my favorite season because of its special food and variety of indoor or outdoor activities. Its the best season to try different and traditional foods; mostly warm food. In a winter family like mine would stock up on drinks like hot chocolate, tea and apple cider; drinks that people usually do not drink except during winter. Every year, new hot drinks come out in stores such as Starbucks, Dunkin Donuts and other beverage stores. In winter, everyday my grandpa or my dad would bring me a hot drink mostly from Starbucks or Dunkin Donuts. I get to enjoy hot drinks sitting on my couch while watching TV and noticing snow out of the window. In winter, I get to eat various traditional food that I know would be on the dining table without even I expect it. Most commonly, I would eat decorative Christmas cookies, my grandmas famous pies and I would even get small treats such as eating oatmeal for breakfast. I wonder since when eating oatmeal for breakfast in the winter became so obvious in my life. I wonder if my grandma have always been making decorative cookies for everyone in my family. I wish this could be throughout the whole year, but unfortunately it only happens in winter. We will write a custom essay on Winter My Favorite Season specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Winter gives me a chance to stay home, relax and enjoy warm food or drinks. This is one of the main reason why I wait for winter. Winter could be the best for me to enjoy indoor or outdoor activities with my family and friends. For an instance, though snow can be good or bad, it feels great to go out with my friends or my family, and have fun throwing snowballs at each other. It is probably my favorite time when I go out in the snow and play with my family. There are other outdoor activities I enjoy such as sledding, skiing, snow tubing, snowboarding and even ice fishing. It just feels amazing when I see the joy on my family’s face. Usually after playing in the snow when we get tired and get cold, everyone comes inside the house and settle down by the fire with a warm drink. Me and my cousin Kim turns the lights off and make fun of everyone by teasing them, while everyone is having a sip of warm drink with a blanket on. When we are inside the house, we usually play sudoku, tic Tac toe, or video games like basketball, baseball and football. Winter can be an active season, but for my family and me, it is both an active season and a season to relax. I remembered last winter my cousins came to my house we enjoyed a lot, we did indoor activities and outdoor activities. This makes me realize that winter could be enjoyed by playing outside or staying inside the house by relaxing with my family. I really enjoy winter every year because I get to eat different and amazing food, I get to stay home and relax and even because in winter I am always with my family. I wish I had a choice to make winter the season of the whole year. For reasons like getting to eat special food and enjoying indoors or outdoor activities, winter is my favorite season.

Classical vs Human Relations Approaches to Management Essays

Classical vs Human Relations Approaches to Management Essays Classical vs Human Relations Approaches to Management Paper Classical vs Human Relations Approaches to Management Paper MANAGEMENT ESSAY INTRODUCTION This essay compares and contrasts the â€Å"Classical† and â€Å"Human Relations† approaches to management. It focuses on how these approaches are similar and compatible and looks at their differences and incompatibilities. It then explores how systems theory and contingency theory can reconcile the incompatibilities between the approaches. The essay is structured as follows. First, the essay shall explain the nature of the â€Å"Classical† and â€Å"Human Relations† approaches to management. Then, it will explore their similarities and dissimilarities. This section will be followed with an introduction to systems theory and contingency theory and how they can reconcile the dissimilarities and incompatibilities between the approaches. The essay shall finish with some concluding remarks. CLASSICAL V. HUMAN RELATIONS Management emerged as a field of study over 100 years ago (Holt, 1999, p. 137). The Classical management functions appeared at the turn of the century (Carroll and Gillan,1984). The Human Relations viewpoint came about in the 1920s and 30s (Holt, 1999, p. 137). Classical Management Classical management is a result of the early attempts to formalize principles for a growing number of professional managers (Jeliniek, 2005). Henri Fayol (1841 – 1925) and Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856 – 1915) are seen as two of the forefathers of classical management (Parker and Ritson, 2005; Parker and Lewis, 1995). Classical management is comprised of three directions to management: scientific, administrative and bureaucratic (Bartol et al, 2006). Scientific management is the focus on the scientific study of work methods to improve worker efficiency. Taylor is viewed as one of the chief contributors to the scientific branch of classical management (Bartol et al, 2006). The scientific management school of thought reflected an engineers ideology of work (Parker and Lewis, 1995). Taylor, while working as chief engineer for Midvale Steel, noticed a phenomenon known as soldiering, (Bartol et al, 2006). Bartol et al (2006) describe soldiering as â€Å"deliberately working at less than full capacity†. Taylor (1985) believed that by applying a science of management based on four principles he could decrease soldiering. Taylors four principles of scientific management are: Scientifically study each part of a task and develop the best method for performing it. Carefully select workers and train them to perform a task using the scientifically developed method. Cooperate fully with workers to ensure they use the proper method. Divide work and responsibility so management is responsible for planning work methods using scientific principles and workers are responsible for executing work. Another pioneer of scientific management was a close associate of Frederick Taylors, Henry L. Gantt (Darmody, 2007). Gantt introduced the Gantt chart which was a graphical aid that helped to plan, schedule and control. He also developed a unique pay incentive system which rewarded workers and supervisors who reached a standard in an allocated time (Bartol et al, 2006). Bureaucratic management encourages the view that an organisation needs to act rationally and not on the subjective whims of managers or owners (Perrow, 1972). It focuses on written procedures and formal rules (Holt, 1999, p. 137). This approach to management draws largely on the work of German sociologist Max Weber (Bartol et al, 2006). Webers work emphasized the need for clear passages of communication, clear specifications of authority and responsibility and clear knowledge of whom is responsible to who (Perrow, 1972). Administrative management focuses on how managers can better coordinate an organisations internal activities (Bartol et al, 2006). Henri Fayol is the most widely recognised contributor to administrative management ( Breeze 1981; Breeze and Miner 1980; Crainer 2003). Henri Fayol identified five major functions of management: planning, organising, commanding, coordinating and controlling (Crainer, 2003). He is best known for his 14 principles of management (Bartol et al, 2006). Parker and Ritson (2005, p177) point out that, though Fayol never advocated his 14 principles as an all-encompassing solution to any problem regardless of circumstance, many authors present his principles as inflexible. As is shown above Classical management promotes the view of people as production mechanisms who can be made to work more efficiently through scientific study (scientific approach). It encourages the use of formal rules and written procedures bureaucratic approach) and also focuses on all purpose management functions and principles for any situation (administrative approach). The Classical management view point is mechanistic, authority based, highly structured and promotes management-by-exception. It completely disregards human behaviour and the effect it can have on efficiency. Human Relations In contrast to the Classical viewpoint, the human relations or behavioural viewpoint focused on the n eed to understand the effect of different factors on human behaviour (Bartol et al, 2006). It is based on research of human beings needs, perceptions and feelings (Heyel, 1939). The Human relations viewpoint encourages an organisation to be seen as a â€Å"social system with interactions, communications, alliances and conflicts† (Holt, 1999, p137). The human relations movement developed from research done by early behaviourists, such as Hugo Munsterberg, Mary Parker Follett and Elton Mayo (Bartol et al, 2006). The most well known and important of these studies is the Hawthorne studies (Gautschi, 1989). The Hawthorne studies were conducted at the Hawthorne plant of the Western Electric Company. The studies tested the effect different factors such as lighting on workers had on efficiency. The results of the studies were not as expected and researchers discovered the Hawthorne Effect. Heery and Noon (2001, p151) describe the Hawthorne effect as the concept that subjects of experiments respond positively to being singled out as a special group worthy of study. The results of the Hawthorne Studies caused the focus of management study to change greatly and generated enough interest in the social aspect of organisations to spark the Human Relations movement (Bartol et al, 2006; Perrier 1972). Abraham Maslow and Douglas McGregor were two major theorists to contribute to the Human Relations movement. Maslow developed a theory of motivation based on three assumptions of human needs. Using this he created a hierarchy of needs, introducing the concept that workers have needs beyond the basic drive for money to put a roof over their head (Bartol et al, 2006). Maslows Hierarchy of Needs. (Maslow, 1970) Douglas McGregor developed the Theory X versus Theory Y approach to behavioural management. Douglas theory X and Theory Y refer to the assumptions that managers hold about their workers (Bennis, and Stephens, 2000). Kermally (2005) describes McGregors theories as: Theory X assumes: People inherently dislike work. As a consequence, they have to be threatened (using disciplinary actions) before they work hard and also they have to be controlled. The average person prefers to be directed and is not keen on taking any responsibility. He or she is interested in focusing on meeting security needs. Theory Y assumes: It is natural for human beings to put effort into work. Control and punishment are not the only ways to make people work. A person will direct himself or herself if they are committed to the organisational objectives and the job is satisfying. The average person will take responsibility if there were proper conditions. Employees like to use their imagination and creativity to make decisions to solve problems. Maslows Hierarchy of needs and McGregors Theory X and Theory Y help managers develop a better view of workers nature, their behaviour and how to interect with them. These theories along with the Hawthorne studies, and research done by other behaviouralists emphasise the view of workers as social people with varied needs. The focus of the Human Relations management viewpoint is on how to best deal with these needs and behaviours to increase efficiency. The similarities between the Classical and Human Relations approaches to management are few. The main similarity is the aim; that is, to be as efficient an organisation as possible. The clearest incompatibility is the focus on human behaviour is nearly non-existent in Classical management, but is the underlying theme in Human Relations management. Human Relations focuses on people and workers as individuals, while the classical view looks at everyone as a whole. Classical management had one way to deal with all problems, where as Behavioural management doesnt assume that all problems’ can be dealt with in the same way, regardless of circumstances. Bartol et al (2006) says systems theory is an approach based on the idea that organizations can be visualized as systems. It has four major components: inputs, transformation processes, outputs and feedback. Systems theory can help to reconcile the differences between Classical and Human relations management theory, due to it’s looking at the organization as a whole. Contingency theory is a viewpoint arguing that appropriate managerial action depends on the particular parameters of a whole (Bartol et al, 2006). This would help the classicals view lack of judgment and use of universal solutions. CONCLUSION The classical and human relations management views are still relevant in management today. With the use of more contemporary viewpoints such as systems theory and contingency theory we can combine the strengths of each theory, and create a better guideline for future managers. REFERENCES Bartol, K. , Tein, M. , Matthews, G. , Ritson, P. and Scott-Ladd, B. (2006)Management Foundations: A Pacific Rim Focus , McGraw-Hill: Sydney. Bennis, W. ; Stephens D. C. 2000, Douglas McGregor, Revisited: Managing the Human Side of the Enterprise, New York: John Wiley Sons Breeze, J. D. 1981, Henri Fayols Basic Tools of Administration, Academy of Management Proceedings, 1981 p101-105 Breeze, J. D. and Miner Jr. , F. C. 1980, Henri Fayol: A New Definition of Administration, Academy of Management Proceedings, 1980, p110-113 Carroll, S. J. and Gillen, D. J. 1987, Are the Classical Management Functions Useful in Describing Managerial Work? , Academy of Management Review. 1987, Vol. 12, No. 1, 38-51 Crainer, S. 2003, One Hundred Years of Management, Business Strategy Review, 2003, Volume 14 Issue 2, pp 41-49 Darmody, P. B. 2007, Henry L. Gantt and Frederick Taylor: The Pioneers of Scientific Management. AACE International Transactions; 2007, p15. 1-15. 3, 3p Gautschi, T. F. 1989, Hawthorne Studies: A Workplace Classic, Design News, Vol. 45 Issue 20, p 180 Heery, E. and Noon, M. 2001, Hawthorn Effect, Dictionary of Human Resource Management, Oxford Press, p 151 Holt, K. 1999, Technovation; Mar99, Vol. 19 Issue 3, p135 Jelinek, M. 2005, Blackwell Encyclopedic Dictionary of Organizational Behavior. Kermally, S. 2005, Gurus on People Management, p 35-41 Maslow, A. 1970, Motivation and Personality, 2nd ed. Harper Row Parker, L. D. and Lewis, N. R. 1995, Classical management control in contemporary management and accounting: the persistence of Taylor and Fayols world, Accounting, Business and Financial History, Volume 5, Number 2, 1995, pp. 211 Parker, L. D. and Ritson, P. A. 2005, Revisiting Fayol: Anticipating Contemporary Management, British Journal of Management, Vol. 16, 175–194 Perrow, C. 1972, The Short and Glorious History of Organisational Theory, Organizational Dynamics, Vol. 2 Issue 1, p2-15 Taylor, F. W. 1985, The Principles of Scientific Management, Hive, Easton.

Is the pessimistic views of nick sons justified Essay

Is the pessimistic views of nick sons justified - Essay Example The root of this issue centres from, among others, widespread problems inherent in the recruitment of workers in the industries. Existing HRM gaps within the industry have caused a myriad of human resource problems that have ultimately resulted in negative outcomes in labour turnover. Widespread labour problems in the industries is hugely attributable to issues such as poor working and pay conditions, which have long been considered as reasonable, but are now emerging as poor and impractical. The industries typically serve customers who take time out for recreation, which is often spent in travel, lodging, cruises, and amusement parks. In order to serve their customers’ needs effectively, these industries need to maintain a high level of variety of employees, from maintenance staff to customer service representatives. In addition, both industries require massive numbers of employees (Nickson 2013, p. 81). However, the reality of the industries reveals that the industriesâ€⠄¢ labour relations are not up to standard. Compared to other industries, a dwindling number of employees in the tourism and hospitality industries express the desire to continue working for their present employers. The causes of extensive labour turnover in the industries range from insufficient employee supervision and employees having inadequate responsibilities to the repetitiveness of most jobs. This speaks to extensive inefficiencies in the industries’ HRM, which have not only resulted in poor employee engagement, but widespread gaps in labour-related issues within the two industries (Nickson 2013, p. 6). For instance, in an endeavour to streamline their processes, most tourism and hospitality businesses hire additional employees, including seasonal staff, to ensure that each employee concentrates extensively on a single, minute task and executes it within minimal mistakes. Although this HRM strategy may prove effective in enhancing diverse aspects of the services provi ded by the industries’ employees it also enhances employee disengagement in their work. Employees typically require the opportunity to start at the bottom and climb the corporate ladder while also gaining experience. Therefore, repetitiveness is a major demoraliser. A lot is required from businesses in the tourism and hospitality industries to retain their employees. However, their HRM strategies are inefficient, and this contributes significantly to the industries’ unique issue with turnover. However, to be fair, the high labour turnover is not necessarily indicative of a problem with organisational strategies if this is the typical system in which the business operates. Nonetheless, labour turnover becomes a major problem when HR managers are constantly obligated to, without prior notice, rehire and train new employees for positions that the business deemed would be held for the long-term (Nickson 2013, p. 67). This is the problem that typifies the vast majority of t ourism and hospitality businesses. High labour turnover is particularly problematic in developed economies such as the UK where employees are able to acquire alternative employment when dissatisfied by the HR strategies of their present employers. Low pay The tourism and hospitality industries are some of the most successful and highly profitable industries in the economy. This would typically imply that the industries’ employees are highly paid in light of the high profit margins

THERMODYNAMICS Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

THERMODYNAMICS - Speech or Presentation Example d) If the driver needs to bring back the gauge pressure to its original value, what mass (units grams) of air must be released from each tyre (at 50 °C) in order to bring each tyre back to its safe operating pressure. Q2) A piston cylinder device is used to expand water. The process occurs isothermally at 200 °C and the starting volume of the water is 1 m3. The water is in a saturated liquid state at its initial state. At the end of the isothermal expansion process, the water has a quality of x = 0.8. Q3) A diffuser is used to decelerate a stream of air from 230m/s to 30m/s. The air stream moves steadily through this diffuser at a rate of 1.7kg/sec, whereby its (absolute) pressure at the inlet is 80kPa and outlet 100kPa, respectively. At the inlet port, the air is at 127 °C. Note1: Ensure you refer to Figure 6-22 (page 199) in the text book for a â€Å"tip† clarifying the equivalence of J/kg and m2/s2 units. You will need this to ensure the units are equivalent between enthalpy and kinetic energy in your solution within this problem)! Note2: You can solve this problem either using constant specific heats or variable specific heats. You should know the difference between the two solution methods, even though you are required to use only of these methods (not both) in your

The arguments for human surrogacy Essay Example for Free

The arguments for human surrogacy Essay With reference to both religious and ethical views, explain the arguments for human surrogacy. [35] Surrogacy is when a woman carries a child on behalf of someone else. There are four broad types of surrogacy: partial, full, commercial and voluntary. Partial surrogacy occurs when the surrogate mother provides her egg which is fertilised either in vitro and placed through artificial insemination into the womb or she is artificially inseminated by the intended father’s sperm. Only in very rare cases would sexual intercourse take place. Full surrogacy occurs when the intended parents provide egg and sperm. In some cases a donor sperm/egg may be used. Commercial surrogacy refers to arrangements whereby a woman is contracted and paid to be a surrogate mother and to deliver a baby to the intended parents; in many countries this is illegal. Voluntary or altruistic surrogacy refers to a surrogate arrangement where the surrogate mother voluntarily offers to bear a child for another couple but not for commercial gain. Surrogacy of any kind raises many religious and ethical issues. In examining reasons why people may be in favour of surrogacy, a good place to start is the Christian view. Surrogacy tends to be supported by liberal denominations such as the United Methodist Church in America. Surrogacy could be a way in which an infertile couple could fulfil the Biblical injunction to, â€Å"be fruitful and multiply.† Children can compete a marriage and are a gift from God. Surrogacy could be an act of immense compassion and selfless service, in line with the teaching of Jesus: â€Å"When he saw the crowds, he had compassion for them,† Matthew 9:36. Voluntary or altruistic surrogacy refers to a surrogate arrangement where the surrogate mother voluntarily offers to bear a child for another couple but not for commercial gain. Her motives could be out of love or charity or self-fulfilment. The story of Abraham and Hagar is a Biblical example of surrogacy, although it does not necessarily condone or promote the practice. Christian and secular utilitarians alike support surrogacy. Utilitarians believe that man has a natural desire to reproduce based in human biology. The Utilitarian wishes to maximise happiness and minimise the pain of infertility. Since successful surrogacy will bring an enormous amount of happiness. When considering issues such as infertility we must not look at it in impersonal, philosophical terms. It is a problem that can only be truly understood at human level. Those that have never suffered infertility will not know the true pain these theorists are in agreement with such treatments. In the case of an infertile couple the utilitarian will look at the options available and strive towards to goal of conception. To quote Laura Bush, â€Å"For those who deeply want children and are denied them, those missing babies hover like silent ephemeral shadows over their lives.† Proponents of situation ethics also would support surrogacy, depending on the circumstances. This theory is in favour of reproductive technology if it is the most loving course of action in the particular situation. It is not absolutist. This theory says that individual situations are different. This theory believes that there is only one underlying principle: you do whatever is the most loving thing to do in a situation. Ethical rules are secondary. In the circumstances of an infertile couple you take the line of action which will be the most loving thing for a couple in their unique circumstances. Furthermore, surrogacy is an issue of personal autonomy and reproductive freedom. To a large extent in the western world there has been a tradition of giving couples the freedom to make their own decisions about childbearing and childrearing. The family has historically been a place with a right to privacy and beyond the intervention of governments. To some extent this has changed with the introduction of artificial forms of reproduction e.g. IVF treatment. If a couple deeply desires children, it should not be the government’s role to tell them what they can and cannot do. It could be argued that parenthood is a human right, because according to the UNHRD: â€Å"Parents have the exclusive right to determine freely and responsibly the number and spacing of their children.† Humans have personal sovereignty, which is to be free of the control or coercion of others. Therefore they should be allowed to make their own decisions about their families. After all, in most cases a surrogate child is a wanted child whose parents are prepared to go to extreme lengths to have them, suggesting that they will make very good parents. This alone could be enough to justify the practice. Surrogacy is generally supported within the homosexual community, because it enables same sex couples to become parents through the introduction of a third party. Ultimately, surrogacy causes us to rethink our views on family, marriage, sex and what makes a mother. Regardless of our views, we should be compassionate towards those suffering from the effects of infertility. You cannot understand their situation unless you have experienced it personally. To quote Elayne Boosler, â€Å"The Vatican is against surrogate mothers. Good thing they didnt have that rule when Jesus was born.†

Structure and Policy of the European Union Essay example -- European U

Structure and Policy of the European Union The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), is the most complex example of common policy in the European Union. Introduced from 1958 to 1968 and still in existence today, it has brought controversy, dispute and political tension within the EU and with the rest of the world. It is also a remarkable example of the movement toward the unknown realm of integration in Europe. However, subsequent reforms have been slow in arrival and have not always achieved the success expected of them. With the new difficulty of enlargement, challenges will require yet more reform of the CAP. The changing situations and context of the policy will be considered in terms of its effectiveness, as will the reforms of the 1980s and 1990s. It will be seen that there is still much in need of discussion for this enormous common policy. There were many motivations for the original formation of the CAP. Europe in 1958 was quite different to the Europe we know today. With the end of WW2 still in recent memory, there were still many effects being felt. In terms of agriculture, this was seen in the protection of farmers and nation specific rules and regulations as to production, imports and exports etc. There also remained some political mistrust between the central European countries, namely France and Germany . It was a combination of these factors that led to the incarnation of the CAP . In 1958, a large proportion of the population of Europe was employed in agriculture, and the industry accounted for a significant percentage of GDP, indeed as high as 27% of the population of France and 5% of total GDP amongst the original members (Belgium, Luxemburg, Holland, France, Germany and Italy) . The agricul... ...of the CAP and shown that in many ways it was flawed from the beginning and is only now starting to become effective. It is important that the momentum of the reforms is carried into this next chapter of the Union and is allowed to be introduced to the new members with freedom and fairness. Obviously some small adjustments will have to be made, just as they were for previous accessions , but the new nations must essentially be treated as equals. The prospects for the CAP will also improve as the sector becomes more efficient and smaller, with more land being reclaimed from farming and the increases in efficiency. The CAP was unprecedented in 1958, and will not lose its position of importance so long as the members and new candidates are willing to embrace the integration for which the CAP has always stood and move forward, without prejudice, into the 21st Century.

Racism And Discrimination Today Essay

How would you like to be treated certainly because of your cultural, beliefs, tradition or even color? Well this is happening everywhere every day. This is called racial discrimination. So what is racial discrimination? It is not knowing anything about someone when you look at them, but disliking them anyway and treating them differently, not because of who they are, but what they are. In addition Racism started from the past and is still active today. Racism in the past was simply violent especially in the early 20th Century. When slavery was ended in America in 1865 racial tension occurred. As the free slaves, where allowed to move freely around the land a majority of the white population still saw them as slaves and did not want to interact and socialize with them. One example of racism is that Research has shown that teachers expect black children to fail Not only are black children played in lower sets; they themselves believe that they are certain to fail. This is proof that racism is every where and occurs from any age group. Racism has always been around. It is one of the world’s MAJOR concerns TODAY. A number of people are naà ¯ve of how much racism undertakes in our society today. Racism can be seen in incidents of racist abuse, harassment and discrimination. Racism is the discrimination of a person because of the race that they have inherited. Racism can be said to anyone. It is certainly severe that these things change, but these past few years, many people in all countries have been saying malicious and discourteous things about one another’s tradition. I can’t stress to say that racism is harassment, it is Mistreatment. People think it’s amusing to torment a person because of their color, their accent, culture and sometimes even how they are not good in something, this is all racism. There are numerous diverse types of racism, for example racism because of skin color, birth place, religion etc but they all got a couple of things in common. All kinds of racism are dreadful and create a negative and sometimes dangerous emotional response. Racism not only leads to social problems but in severe cases it causes mental illness and violence for example self harm, depression and the harming of others. In most cases it causes the target to feel deserted, depressed and livid as most of you people previously know from experience but what you people didn’t is that in the most severe cases racism leads to suicidal thoughts and the miserable thing is that in the worst cases these thoughts are carried out and its usually by a young teenager. That’s a young person with their whole life ahead of them claiming their life because a few people can’t accept them because they are a little different. Many riots have been caused all around the world due to racism. As John F. Kennedy had said† This nation was founded by men of many nations and backgrounds, on the principle that all men were created equal.† A statement which directly states the importance everyone has in this world and the equality everyone shares regardless where you are from or what color you are. Racism is always going to occur but their will always be a chance to reduce it. Truth speaking there are no different races, but only one race. The human race. Thank you for listening!

Legalization Of Medical Marijuana And Marijuana - 1486 Words

Legalization of Medical Marijuana Name: Institution: Abstract In 1996, California set a pace that would lead to today’s debate on medical marijuana and marijuana as a whole by passing the Compassionate Use Act that allowed the use of medical marijuana. Other states have since followed the trend and school of thought, case in point; Alaska, Colorado, Connecticut, Hawaii, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Montana, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont and Washington. The state laws have set boundaries for the use of medical cannabis and put into effect mechanisms for regulation. As of April 2015, twenty three states and Washington D.C legalized marijuana for medical use. Seven states have pending legislation. And yet the federal enforcement of prohibition still outweighs these state legalizations in many aspects. So then, what is the issue and why should the federal government legalize the medical use of marijuana? The discussion against medical marijuana is a losing argument against a changing culture and social valu es alongside legislative rewiring of state laws. The debate on the legitimacy of medical marijuana is being fueled and aided on many fronts, most notably research aimed at getting approval from the FDA for its use. Science Inc. and Medical Marijuana Inc. are working on getting FDA approval for the distribution of medical marijuana alongside Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies, which seeksShow MoreRelatedThe Legalization Of Medical Marijuana866 Words   |  4 PagesJimmy Fulcher Mrs. Gallos English 3 31 October 2014 Legalization of medical marijuana in North Carolina Legalizing medical marijuana for North Carolina would be extremely beneficial. Marijuana does not only relieve stress but it can cure symptoms of cancer, epilepsy, glaucoma, and Crohns’s disease. Twenty-three states have already legalized it and it has helped thousands of people. If something that is grown naturally in the earth can be beneficial to society and do the same job as all these drugsRead MoreThe Legalization Of Medical Marijuana1558 Words   |  7 Pages Alaskan Thunderbolt Whether pro, con, user or bystander. The issue of the nationwide legalization of medical marijuana is one that infringes both in political and social standards. Be it that marijuana is subsequently abused, and utilized as an illegal drug. It is regarded highly, as a controversial issue which affects the amenity of conservative, modern America. Because of which one should further seek to understand. Things like its history, correlation with crime, effects on economy, effectsRead MoreThe Legalization Of Medical Marijuana1314 Words   |  6 PagesMarijuana is the most frequently abused illegal substance worldwide. Not only is there no legitimate medical use, it has been tied to physical, mental, and emotional damages. â€Å"Marijuana refers to the dried leaves, flowers, stems, and seeds from the hemp plant Cannabis sativa, which contains the psychoactive (mind-altering) chemical delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), as well as other related compounds† (National Institute on Drug Abuse). There are many supporters of the legalization of medical marijuanaRead MoreThe Legalization Of Medical Marijuana1957 Words   |  8 PagesMicki Mooberry Mr. Sullivan English III 15 September 2014 Legalization of Medical Cannabis Alzheimer disease, Glaucoma, AIDS, cancer, and over a hundred illnesses, all are adequately helped with this one drug that has been kept under lock and key by the law. Cannabis; marijuana; weed; a drug that has been around for thousands of years, yet not one death recorded, may be the most beneficial medicine out there. Cannabis is a drug that can be easily grown personally, or in a business, and is probablyRead MoreThe Legalization Of Medical Marijuana2180 Words   |  9 PagesThe legalization of medical marijuana has brought into question various components of medical care for advance practice nurses (as well as others within the larger healthcare profession). In addition to navigating the legal complexities of care associated with this particular method, advance practice nurses must understand prescriptive rights, best practices for us and how statutory language as it is currently written has been amended for medical use. This is a growing movement in the healthcareRead MoreThe L egalization Of Medical Marijuana1314 Words   |  6 Pages Thomas Gordon The Legalization of Medical Marijuana Health Care Research Utilization Marie Vasquez HCS 465 March 19, 2016 The Legalization of Medical Marijuana Marijuana is one of the most discussed and controversial topics in the U.S today. Many say that it has medicinal benefits and should be made legal. While many say that it has a â€Å"high potential for abuse† (Medical) and should remain illegal. Among the arguments, proponents for medical marijuana have presented a stronger argumentRead MoreThe Legalization Of Medical Marijuana2985 Words   |  12 Pagesmany other nations as well, drug policy and the rationale behind these policies have started to undergo a tremendous shift. This change in public policy is visible to most through the ongoing legislation across America regarding the legalization of medical marijuana in 23 states, and recreational cannabis use becoming legal in 4 states as well (Hanson, 2015). This shift in public policy marks a significant turning point in the view of drugs and drug culture in the United States and reflects increasedRead MoreLegalization of Medical Marijuana Essay863 Words   |  4 PagesMedi cal Marijuana: A Topic Leaving People Up in Smoke Renee Grant ENC 1101-1002 Professor Bahle March 30, 2013 Medical Marijuana: A Topic Leaving People Up in Smoke Medical marijuana has been an ongoing fight between the federal government, physicians and patients. Contrary to many beliefs, marijuana, whether it is used for medical reasons or recreational is non-lethal. It has been proven to be useful in many medical conditions. There hasRead MoreThe Legalization of Medical Marijuana Essay520 Words   |  3 Pages Legalization of medical marijuana The green plant with many names like weed and bud, but more commonly known as Marijuana has been getting a lot of publicity because of the legalization of the plant in Oregon and Colorado for recreational use, yet its not legal for medical use in Ohio. Ohio is considered to be the next big state to legalize marijuana for medical use this november and could be a key state for legalization across the nation. Background The oldest recorded date for the plant wasRead MoreLegalization Of Marijuana For Medical Use1537 Words   |  7 PagesLegalizing Medical Marijuana Elizabeth Vogt ENC 1101 Professor Ruppert Keiser University October 23, 2014 Abstract Many people have different opinions on the delicate topic of the legalization of marijuana for medical use. Although it could help those who suffer from chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV), cachexia, spasticity, pain and rheumatoid arthritis, it also has a lot of negative side effects that many doctors and physicians are trying to inform the public. Some of these negative