The arguments for human surrogacy Essay Example for Free

The arguments for human surrogacy Essay With reference to both religious and ethical views, explain the arguments for human surrogacy. [35] Surrogacy is when a woman carries a child on behalf of someone else. There are four broad types of surrogacy: partial, full, commercial and voluntary. Partial surrogacy occurs when the surrogate mother provides her egg which is fertilised either in vitro and placed through artificial insemination into the womb or she is artificially inseminated by the intended father’s sperm. Only in very rare cases would sexual intercourse take place. Full surrogacy occurs when the intended parents provide egg and sperm. In some cases a donor sperm/egg may be used. Commercial surrogacy refers to arrangements whereby a woman is contracted and paid to be a surrogate mother and to deliver a baby to the intended parents; in many countries this is illegal. Voluntary or altruistic surrogacy refers to a surrogate arrangement where the surrogate mother voluntarily offers to bear a child for another couple but not for commercial gain. Surrogacy of any kind raises many religious and ethical issues. In examining reasons why people may be in favour of surrogacy, a good place to start is the Christian view. Surrogacy tends to be supported by liberal denominations such as the United Methodist Church in America. Surrogacy could be a way in which an infertile couple could fulfil the Biblical injunction to, â€Å"be fruitful and multiply.† Children can compete a marriage and are a gift from God. Surrogacy could be an act of immense compassion and selfless service, in line with the teaching of Jesus: â€Å"When he saw the crowds, he had compassion for them,† Matthew 9:36. Voluntary or altruistic surrogacy refers to a surrogate arrangement where the surrogate mother voluntarily offers to bear a child for another couple but not for commercial gain. Her motives could be out of love or charity or self-fulfilment. The story of Abraham and Hagar is a Biblical example of surrogacy, although it does not necessarily condone or promote the practice. Christian and secular utilitarians alike support surrogacy. Utilitarians believe that man has a natural desire to reproduce based in human biology. The Utilitarian wishes to maximise happiness and minimise the pain of infertility. Since successful surrogacy will bring an enormous amount of happiness. When considering issues such as infertility we must not look at it in impersonal, philosophical terms. It is a problem that can only be truly understood at human level. Those that have never suffered infertility will not know the true pain these theorists are in agreement with such treatments. In the case of an infertile couple the utilitarian will look at the options available and strive towards to goal of conception. To quote Laura Bush, â€Å"For those who deeply want children and are denied them, those missing babies hover like silent ephemeral shadows over their lives.† Proponents of situation ethics also would support surrogacy, depending on the circumstances. This theory is in favour of reproductive technology if it is the most loving course of action in the particular situation. It is not absolutist. This theory says that individual situations are different. This theory believes that there is only one underlying principle: you do whatever is the most loving thing to do in a situation. Ethical rules are secondary. In the circumstances of an infertile couple you take the line of action which will be the most loving thing for a couple in their unique circumstances. Furthermore, surrogacy is an issue of personal autonomy and reproductive freedom. To a large extent in the western world there has been a tradition of giving couples the freedom to make their own decisions about childbearing and childrearing. The family has historically been a place with a right to privacy and beyond the intervention of governments. To some extent this has changed with the introduction of artificial forms of reproduction e.g. IVF treatment. If a couple deeply desires children, it should not be the government’s role to tell them what they can and cannot do. It could be argued that parenthood is a human right, because according to the UNHRD: â€Å"Parents have the exclusive right to determine freely and responsibly the number and spacing of their children.† Humans have personal sovereignty, which is to be free of the control or coercion of others. Therefore they should be allowed to make their own decisions about their families. After all, in most cases a surrogate child is a wanted child whose parents are prepared to go to extreme lengths to have them, suggesting that they will make very good parents. This alone could be enough to justify the practice. Surrogacy is generally supported within the homosexual community, because it enables same sex couples to become parents through the introduction of a third party. Ultimately, surrogacy causes us to rethink our views on family, marriage, sex and what makes a mother. Regardless of our views, we should be compassionate towards those suffering from the effects of infertility. You cannot understand their situation unless you have experienced it personally. To quote Elayne Boosler, â€Å"The Vatican is against surrogate mothers. Good thing they didnt have that rule when Jesus was born.†

Structure and Policy of the European Union Essay example -- European U

Structure and Policy of the European Union The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), is the most complex example of common policy in the European Union. Introduced from 1958 to 1968 and still in existence today, it has brought controversy, dispute and political tension within the EU and with the rest of the world. It is also a remarkable example of the movement toward the unknown realm of integration in Europe. However, subsequent reforms have been slow in arrival and have not always achieved the success expected of them. With the new difficulty of enlargement, challenges will require yet more reform of the CAP. The changing situations and context of the policy will be considered in terms of its effectiveness, as will the reforms of the 1980s and 1990s. It will be seen that there is still much in need of discussion for this enormous common policy. There were many motivations for the original formation of the CAP. Europe in 1958 was quite different to the Europe we know today. With the end of WW2 still in recent memory, there were still many effects being felt. In terms of agriculture, this was seen in the protection of farmers and nation specific rules and regulations as to production, imports and exports etc. There also remained some political mistrust between the central European countries, namely France and Germany . It was a combination of these factors that led to the incarnation of the CAP . In 1958, a large proportion of the population of Europe was employed in agriculture, and the industry accounted for a significant percentage of GDP, indeed as high as 27% of the population of France and 5% of total GDP amongst the original members (Belgium, Luxemburg, Holland, France, Germany and Italy) . The agricul... ...of the CAP and shown that in many ways it was flawed from the beginning and is only now starting to become effective. It is important that the momentum of the reforms is carried into this next chapter of the Union and is allowed to be introduced to the new members with freedom and fairness. Obviously some small adjustments will have to be made, just as they were for previous accessions , but the new nations must essentially be treated as equals. The prospects for the CAP will also improve as the sector becomes more efficient and smaller, with more land being reclaimed from farming and the increases in efficiency. The CAP was unprecedented in 1958, and will not lose its position of importance so long as the members and new candidates are willing to embrace the integration for which the CAP has always stood and move forward, without prejudice, into the 21st Century.

Racism And Discrimination Today Essay

How would you like to be treated certainly because of your cultural, beliefs, tradition or even color? Well this is happening everywhere every day. This is called racial discrimination. So what is racial discrimination? It is not knowing anything about someone when you look at them, but disliking them anyway and treating them differently, not because of who they are, but what they are. In addition Racism started from the past and is still active today. Racism in the past was simply violent especially in the early 20th Century. When slavery was ended in America in 1865 racial tension occurred. As the free slaves, where allowed to move freely around the land a majority of the white population still saw them as slaves and did not want to interact and socialize with them. One example of racism is that Research has shown that teachers expect black children to fail Not only are black children played in lower sets; they themselves believe that they are certain to fail. This is proof that racism is every where and occurs from any age group. Racism has always been around. It is one of the world’s MAJOR concerns TODAY. A number of people are naà ¯ve of how much racism undertakes in our society today. Racism can be seen in incidents of racist abuse, harassment and discrimination. Racism is the discrimination of a person because of the race that they have inherited. Racism can be said to anyone. It is certainly severe that these things change, but these past few years, many people in all countries have been saying malicious and discourteous things about one another’s tradition. I can’t stress to say that racism is harassment, it is Mistreatment. People think it’s amusing to torment a person because of their color, their accent, culture and sometimes even how they are not good in something, this is all racism. There are numerous diverse types of racism, for example racism because of skin color, birth place, religion etc but they all got a couple of things in common. All kinds of racism are dreadful and create a negative and sometimes dangerous emotional response. Racism not only leads to social problems but in severe cases it causes mental illness and violence for example self harm, depression and the harming of others. In most cases it causes the target to feel deserted, depressed and livid as most of you people previously know from experience but what you people didn’t is that in the most severe cases racism leads to suicidal thoughts and the miserable thing is that in the worst cases these thoughts are carried out and its usually by a young teenager. That’s a young person with their whole life ahead of them claiming their life because a few people can’t accept them because they are a little different. Many riots have been caused all around the world due to racism. As John F. Kennedy had said† This nation was founded by men of many nations and backgrounds, on the principle that all men were created equal.† A statement which directly states the importance everyone has in this world and the equality everyone shares regardless where you are from or what color you are. Racism is always going to occur but their will always be a chance to reduce it. Truth speaking there are no different races, but only one race. The human race. Thank you for listening!

Legalization Of Medical Marijuana And Marijuana - 1486 Words

Legalization of Medical Marijuana Name: Institution: Abstract In 1996, California set a pace that would lead to today’s debate on medical marijuana and marijuana as a whole by passing the Compassionate Use Act that allowed the use of medical marijuana. Other states have since followed the trend and school of thought, case in point; Alaska, Colorado, Connecticut, Hawaii, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Montana, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont and Washington. The state laws have set boundaries for the use of medical cannabis and put into effect mechanisms for regulation. As of April 2015, twenty three states and Washington D.C legalized marijuana for medical use. Seven states have pending legislation. And yet the federal enforcement of prohibition still outweighs these state legalizations in many aspects. So then, what is the issue and why should the federal government legalize the medical use of marijuana? The discussion against medical marijuana is a losing argument against a changing culture and social valu es alongside legislative rewiring of state laws. The debate on the legitimacy of medical marijuana is being fueled and aided on many fronts, most notably research aimed at getting approval from the FDA for its use. Science Inc. and Medical Marijuana Inc. are working on getting FDA approval for the distribution of medical marijuana alongside Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies, which seeksShow MoreRelatedThe Legalization Of Medical Marijuana866 Words   |  4 PagesJimmy Fulcher Mrs. Gallos English 3 31 October 2014 Legalization of medical marijuana in North Carolina Legalizing medical marijuana for North Carolina would be extremely beneficial. Marijuana does not only relieve stress but it can cure symptoms of cancer, epilepsy, glaucoma, and Crohns’s disease. Twenty-three states have already legalized it and it has helped thousands of people. If something that is grown naturally in the earth can be beneficial to society and do the same job as all these drugsRead MoreThe Legalization Of Medical Marijuana1558 Words   |  7 Pages Alaskan Thunderbolt Whether pro, con, user or bystander. The issue of the nationwide legalization of medical marijuana is one that infringes both in political and social standards. Be it that marijuana is subsequently abused, and utilized as an illegal drug. It is regarded highly, as a controversial issue which affects the amenity of conservative, modern America. Because of which one should further seek to understand. Things like its history, correlation with crime, effects on economy, effectsRead MoreThe Legalization Of Medical Marijuana1314 Words   |  6 PagesMarijuana is the most frequently abused illegal substance worldwide. Not only is there no legitimate medical use, it has been tied to physical, mental, and emotional damages. â€Å"Marijuana refers to the dried leaves, flowers, stems, and seeds from the hemp plant Cannabis sativa, which contains the psychoactive (mind-altering) chemical delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), as well as other related compounds† (National Institute on Drug Abuse). There are many supporters of the legalization of medical marijuanaRead MoreThe Legalization Of Medical Marijuana1957 Words   |  8 PagesMicki Mooberry Mr. Sullivan English III 15 September 2014 Legalization of Medical Cannabis Alzheimer disease, Glaucoma, AIDS, cancer, and over a hundred illnesses, all are adequately helped with this one drug that has been kept under lock and key by the law. Cannabis; marijuana; weed; a drug that has been around for thousands of years, yet not one death recorded, may be the most beneficial medicine out there. Cannabis is a drug that can be easily grown personally, or in a business, and is probablyRead MoreThe Legalization Of Medical Marijuana2180 Words   |  9 PagesThe legalization of medical marijuana has brought into question various components of medical care for advance practice nurses (as well as others within the larger healthcare profession). In addition to navigating the legal complexities of care associated with this particular method, advance practice nurses must understand prescriptive rights, best practices for us and how statutory language as it is currently written has been amended for medical use. This is a growing movement in the healthcareRead MoreThe L egalization Of Medical Marijuana1314 Words   |  6 Pages Thomas Gordon The Legalization of Medical Marijuana Health Care Research Utilization Marie Vasquez HCS 465 March 19, 2016 The Legalization of Medical Marijuana Marijuana is one of the most discussed and controversial topics in the U.S today. Many say that it has medicinal benefits and should be made legal. While many say that it has a â€Å"high potential for abuse† (Medical) and should remain illegal. Among the arguments, proponents for medical marijuana have presented a stronger argumentRead MoreThe Legalization Of Medical Marijuana2985 Words   |  12 Pagesmany other nations as well, drug policy and the rationale behind these policies have started to undergo a tremendous shift. This change in public policy is visible to most through the ongoing legislation across America regarding the legalization of medical marijuana in 23 states, and recreational cannabis use becoming legal in 4 states as well (Hanson, 2015). This shift in public policy marks a significant turning point in the view of drugs and drug culture in the United States and reflects increasedRead MoreLegalization of Medical Marijuana Essay863 Words   |  4 PagesMedi cal Marijuana: A Topic Leaving People Up in Smoke Renee Grant ENC 1101-1002 Professor Bahle March 30, 2013 Medical Marijuana: A Topic Leaving People Up in Smoke Medical marijuana has been an ongoing fight between the federal government, physicians and patients. Contrary to many beliefs, marijuana, whether it is used for medical reasons or recreational is non-lethal. It has been proven to be useful in many medical conditions. There hasRead MoreThe Legalization of Medical Marijuana Essay520 Words   |  3 Pages Legalization of medical marijuana The green plant with many names like weed and bud, but more commonly known as Marijuana has been getting a lot of publicity because of the legalization of the plant in Oregon and Colorado for recreational use, yet its not legal for medical use in Ohio. Ohio is considered to be the next big state to legalize marijuana for medical use this november and could be a key state for legalization across the nation. Background The oldest recorded date for the plant wasRead MoreLegalization Of Marijuana For Medical Use1537 Words   |  7 PagesLegalizing Medical Marijuana Elizabeth Vogt ENC 1101 Professor Ruppert Keiser University October 23, 2014 Abstract Many people have different opinions on the delicate topic of the legalization of marijuana for medical use. Although it could help those who suffer from chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV), cachexia, spasticity, pain and rheumatoid arthritis, it also has a lot of negative side effects that many doctors and physicians are trying to inform the public. Some of these negative